inclusion exclusion principle


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclusion%E2%80%93exclusion_principle
Venn diagram showing the union of sets A and B as everything not in white
In combinatorics (combinatorial mathematics), the inclusion–exclusion principle is a counting technique which generalizes the familiar method of obtaining the number of elements in the union of two finite sets; symbolically expressed as

概率论中,对于概率空间中的事件A1,……,An,当n = 2时容斥原理的公式为:
n = 3时,公式为:
一般地:
也可以写成:


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