P06: 分组的背包问题


P06: 分组的背包问题

有N件物品和一个容量为V的背包。第i件物品的费用是c[i],价值是w[i]。这些物品被划分为若干组,每组中的物品互相冲突,最多选一件。求解将哪些物品装入背包可使这些物品的费用总和不超过背包容量,且价值总和最大。

算法

这个问题变成了每组物品有若干种策略:是选择本组的某一件,还是一件都不选。也就是说设f[k][v]表示前k组物品花费费用v能取得的最大权值,则有:

f[k][v]=max{f[k-1][v],f[k-1][v-c[i]]+w[i]|物品i属于组k}

使用一维数组的伪代码如下:

for 所有的组k     for v=V..0         for 所有的i属于组k             f[v]=max{f[v],f[v-c[i]]+w[i]} 

注意这里的三层循环的顺序,甚至在本文的第一个beta版中我自己都写错了。"for v=V..0"这一层循环必须在"for 所有的i属于组k"之外。这样才能保证每一组内的物品最多只有一个会被添加到背包中。

另外,显然可以对每组内的物品应用P02中"一个简单有效的优化"。

小结

分组的背包问题将彼此互斥的若干物品称为一个组,这建立了一个很好的模型。不少背包问题的变形都可以转化为分组的背包问题(例如P07),由分组的背包问题进一步可定义"泛化物品"的概念,十分有利于解题。


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