趣题:老鼠与毒药问题的推广 | Matrix67: The Aha Moments


趣题:老鼠与毒药问题的推广 | Matrix67: The Aha Moments
https://www.research.ibm.com/haifa/ponderthis/challenges/March2011.html
    大家应该都听说过这个老题目:有 1000 个一模一样的瓶子,其中有 999 瓶是普通的水,有一瓶是毒药。任何喝下毒药的生物都会在一星期之后死亡。现在,你只有 10 只小白鼠和一星期的时间,如何检验出哪个瓶子里有毒药?
    这个问题的答案也堪称经典:把瓶子从 0 到 999 依次编号,然后全部转换为 10 位二进制数。让第一只老鼠喝掉所有二进制数右起第一位是 1 的瓶子,让第二只老鼠喝掉所有二进制数右起第二位是 1 的瓶子,等等。一星期后,如果第一只老鼠死了,就知道毒药瓶子的二进制编号中,右起第一位是 1 ;如果第二只老鼠没死,就知道毒药瓶子的二进制编号中,右起第二位是 0 ⋯⋯每只老鼠的死活都能确定出 10 位二进制数的其中一位,由此便可知道毒药瓶子的编号了。
    现在,有意思的问题来了:如果你有两个星期的时间(换句话说你可以做两轮实验),为了从 1000 个瓶子中找出毒药,你最少需要几只老鼠?注意,在第一轮实验中死掉的老鼠,就无法继续参与第二次实验了。

    答案:7 只老鼠就足够了。事实上,7 只老鼠足以从 37 = 2187 个瓶子中找出毒药来。首先,把所有瓶子从 0 到 2186 编号,然后全部转换为 7 位三进制数。现在,让第一只老鼠喝掉所有三进制数右起第一位是 2 的瓶子,让第二只老鼠喝掉所有三进制数右起第二位是 2 的瓶子,等等。一星期之后,如果第一只老鼠死了,就知道毒药瓶子的三进制编号中,右起第一位是 2 ;如果第二只老鼠没死,就知道毒药瓶子的三进制编号中,右起第二位不是 2,只可能是 0 或者 1 ⋯⋯也就是说,每只死掉的老鼠都用自己的生命确定出了,三进制编号中自己负责的那一位是 2 ;但每只活着的老鼠都只能确定,它所负责的那一位不是 2 。于是,问题就归约到了只剩一个星期时的情况。在第二轮实验里,让每只活着的老鼠继续自己未完成的任务,喝掉它负责的那一位是 1 的所有瓶子。再过一星期,毒药瓶子的三进制编号便能全部揭晓了。
    类似地,我们可以证明, n 只小白鼠 t 周的时间可以从 (t+1)n 个瓶子中检验出毒药来。
http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-677221-669159.html
Read full article from 趣题:老鼠与毒药问题的推广 | Matrix67: The Aha Moments

Labels

LeetCode (1432) GeeksforGeeks (1122) LeetCode - Review (1067) Review (882) Algorithm (668) to-do (609) Classic Algorithm (270) Google Interview (237) Classic Interview (222) Dynamic Programming (220) DP (186) Bit Algorithms (145) POJ (141) Math (137) Tree (132) LeetCode - Phone (129) EPI (122) Cracking Coding Interview (119) DFS (115) Difficult Algorithm (115) Lintcode (115) Different Solutions (110) Smart Algorithm (104) Binary Search (96) BFS (91) HackerRank (90) Binary Tree (86) Hard (79) Two Pointers (78) Stack (76) Company-Facebook (75) BST (72) Graph Algorithm (72) Time Complexity (69) Greedy Algorithm (68) Interval (63) Company - Google (62) Geometry Algorithm (61) Interview Corner (61) LeetCode - Extended (61) Union-Find (60) Trie (58) Advanced Data Structure (56) List (56) Priority Queue (53) Codility (52) ComProGuide (50) LeetCode Hard (50) Matrix (50) Bisection (48) Segment Tree (48) Sliding Window (48) USACO (46) Space Optimization (45) Company-Airbnb (41) Greedy (41) Mathematical Algorithm (41) Tree - Post-Order (41) ACM-ICPC (40) Algorithm Interview (40) Data Structure Design (40) Graph (40) Backtracking (39) Data Structure (39) Jobdu (39) Random (39) Codeforces (38) Knapsack (38) LeetCode - DP (38) Recursive Algorithm (38) String Algorithm (38) TopCoder (38) Sort (37) Introduction to Algorithms (36) Pre-Sort (36) Beauty of Programming (35) Must Known (34) Binary Search Tree (33) Follow Up (33) prismoskills (33) Palindrome (32) Permutation (31) Array (30) Google Code Jam (30) HDU (30) Array O(N) (29) Logic Thinking (29) Monotonic Stack (29) Puzzles (29) Code - Detail (27) Company-Zenefits (27) Microsoft 100 - July (27) Queue (27) Binary Indexed Trees (26) TreeMap (26) to-do-must (26) 1point3acres (25) GeeksQuiz (25) Merge Sort (25) Reverse Thinking (25) hihocoder (25) Company - LinkedIn (24) Hash (24) High Frequency (24) Summary (24) Divide and Conquer (23) Proof (23) Game Theory (22) Topological Sort (22) Lintcode - Review (21) Tree - Modification (21) Algorithm Game (20) CareerCup (20) Company - Twitter (20) DFS + Review (20) DP - Relation (20) Brain Teaser (19) DP - Tree (19) Left and Right Array (19) O(N) (19) Sweep Line (19) UVA (19) DP - Bit Masking (18) LeetCode - Thinking (18) KMP (17) LeetCode - TODO (17) Probabilities (17) Simulation (17) String Search (17) Codercareer (16) Company-Uber (16) Iterator (16) Number (16) O(1) Space (16) Shortest Path (16) itint5 (16) DFS+Cache (15) Dijkstra (15) Euclidean GCD (15) Heap (15) LeetCode - Hard (15) Majority (15) Number Theory (15) Rolling Hash (15) Tree Traversal (15) Brute Force (14) Bucket Sort (14) DP - Knapsack (14) DP - Probability (14) Difficult (14) Fast Power Algorithm (14) Pattern (14) Prefix Sum (14) TreeSet (14) Algorithm Videos (13) Amazon Interview (13) Basic Algorithm (13) Codechef (13) Combination (13) Computational Geometry (13) DP - Digit (13) LCA (13) LeetCode - DFS (13) Linked List (13) Long Increasing Sequence(LIS) (13) Math-Divisible (13) Reservoir Sampling (13) mitbbs (13) Algorithm - How To (12) Company - Microsoft (12) DP - Interval (12) DP - Multiple Relation (12) DP - Relation Optimization (12) LeetCode - Classic (12) Level Order Traversal (12) Prime (12) Pruning (12) Reconstruct Tree (12) Thinking (12) X Sum (12) AOJ (11) Bit Mask (11) Company-Snapchat (11) DP - Space Optimization (11) Dequeue (11) Graph DFS (11) MinMax (11) Miscs (11) Princeton (11) Quick Sort (11) Stack - Tree (11) 尺取法 (11) 挑战程序设计竞赛 (11) Coin Change (10) DFS+Backtracking (10) Facebook Hacker Cup (10) Fast Slow Pointers (10) HackerRank Easy (10) Interval Tree (10) Limited Range (10) Matrix - Traverse (10) Monotone Queue (10) SPOJ (10) Starting Point (10) States (10) Stock (10) Theory (10) Tutorialhorizon (10) Kadane - Extended (9) Mathblog (9) Max-Min Flow (9) Maze (9) Median (9) O(32N) (9) Quick Select (9) Stack Overflow (9) System Design (9) Tree - Conversion (9) Use XOR (9) Book Notes (8) Company-Amazon (8) DFS+BFS (8) DP - States (8) Expression (8) Longest Common Subsequence(LCS) (8) One Pass (8) Quadtrees (8) Traversal Once (8) Trie - Suffix (8) 穷竭搜索 (8) Algorithm Problem List (7) All Sub (7) Catalan Number (7) Cycle (7) DP - Cases (7) Facebook Interview (7) Fibonacci Numbers (7) Flood fill (7) Game Nim (7) Graph BFS (7) HackerRank Difficult (7) Hackerearth (7) Inversion (7) Kadane’s Algorithm (7) Manacher (7) Morris Traversal (7) Multiple Data Structures (7) Normalized Key (7) O(XN) (7) Radix Sort (7) Recursion (7) Sampling (7) Suffix Array (7) Tech-Queries (7) Tree - Serialization (7) Tree DP (7) Trie - Bit (7) 蓝桥杯 (7) Algorithm - Brain Teaser (6) BFS - Priority Queue (6) BFS - Unusual (6) Classic Data Structure Impl (6) DP - 2D (6) DP - Monotone Queue (6) DP - Unusual (6) DP-Space Optimization (6) Dutch Flag (6) How To (6) Interviewstreet (6) Knapsack - MultiplePack (6) Local MinMax (6) MST (6) Minimum Spanning Tree (6) Number - Reach (6) Parentheses (6) Pre-Sum (6) Probability (6) Programming Pearls (6) Rabin-Karp (6) Reverse (6) Scan from right (6) Schedule (6) Stream (6) Subset Sum (6) TSP (6) Xpost (6) n00tc0d3r (6) reddit (6) AI (5) Abbreviation (5) Anagram (5) Art Of Programming-July (5) Assumption (5) Bellman Ford (5) Big Data (5) Code - Solid (5) Code Kata (5) Codility-lessons (5) Coding (5) Company - WMware (5) Convex Hull (5) Crazyforcode (5) DFS - Multiple (5) DFS+DP (5) DP - Multi-Dimension (5) DP-Multiple Relation (5) Eulerian Cycle (5) Graph - Unusual (5) Graph Cycle (5) Hash Strategy (5) Immutability (5) Java (5) LogN (5) Manhattan Distance (5) Matrix Chain Multiplication (5) N Queens (5) Pre-Sort: Index (5) Quick Partition (5) Quora (5) Randomized Algorithms (5) Resources (5) Robot (5) SPFA(Shortest Path Faster Algorithm) (5) Shuffle (5) Sieve of Eratosthenes (5) Strongly Connected Components (5) Subarray Sum (5) Sudoku (5) Suffix Tree (5) Swap (5) Threaded (5) Tree - Creation (5) Warshall Floyd (5) Word Search (5) jiuzhang (5)

Popular Posts