hihoCoder #1143 : 骨牌覆盖问题・一 - 加贝木苇的BLOG - 博客频道 - CSDN.NET


hihoCoder #1143 : 骨牌覆盖问题・一 - 加贝木苇的BLOG - 博客频道 - CSDN.NET
骨牌,一种古老的玩具。今天我们要研究的是骨牌的覆盖问题:
我们有一个2xN的长条形棋盘,然后用1x2的骨牌去覆盖整个棋盘。对于这个棋盘,一共有多少种不同的覆盖方法呢?
举个例子,对于长度为1到3的棋盘,我们有下面几种覆盖方式:

输入

第1行:1个整数N。表示棋盘长度。1≤N≤100,000,000

输出

第1行:1个整数,表示覆盖方案数 MOD 19999997
样例输入
62247088
样例输出
17748018
【思路】矩阵快速幂
我们考虑在已经放置了部分骨牌(灰色)的情况下,下一步可以如何放置新的骨牌(蓝色):
最右边的一种情况是不可能发生的,否则会始终多一个格子没有办法放置骨牌。或者说灰色部分的格子数为奇数,不可能通过1x2个骨牌放置出来。
那么通过对上面的观察,我们可以发现:
在任何一个放置方案最后,一定满足前面两种情况。而灰色的部分又正好对应了长度为N-1和N-2时的放置方案。由此,我们可以得到递推公式:
f[n] = f[n-1] + f[n-2];
这个公式是不是看上去很眼熟?没错,这正是我们的费波拉契数列。
f[0]=1,f[1]=1,f[2]=2,...

当N很小的时候,我们直接通过递推公式便可以计算。当N很大的时候,只要我们的电脑足够好,我们仍然可以直接通过递推公式来计算。
但是我们学算法的,总是这样直接枚举不是显得很Low么,所以我们要用一个好的算法来加速(装X)。
事实上,对于这种线性递推式,我们可以用矩阵乘法来求第n项。对于本题Fibonacci数列,我们希望找到一个2x2的矩阵M,使得(a, b) x M = (b, a+b),其中(a, b)和(b, a+b)都是1x2的矩阵。
显然,只需要取M = [0, 1; 1, 1]就可以了:
进一步得到:
那么接下来的问题是,能不能快速的计算出M^n?我们先来分析一下幂运算。由于乘法是满足结合律的,所以我们有:
不妨将k[1]..k[j]划分的更好一点?
其中(k[1],k[2]...k[j])2表示将n表示成二进制数后每一位的数字。上面这个公式同时满足这样一个性质:
结合这两者我们可以得到一个算法:
1. 先计算出所有的{a^1, a^2, a^4 ... a^(2^j)},因为该数列满足递推公式,时间复杂度为O(logN)
2. 将指数n二进制化,再利用公式将对应的a^j相乘计算出a^n,时间复杂度仍然为O(logN)
则总的时间复杂度为O(logN)
这种算法因为能够在很短时间内求出幂,我们称之为"快速幂"算法。

LL N;
int i,j;
struct Matrlc
{
    LL mapp[2][2];
} ans,base;
Matrlc unit= {1,0,0,1};
Matrlc mult(Matrlc a,Matrlc b)
{
    Matrlc c;
    for(int i=0; i<2; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<2; j++)
        {
            c.mapp[i][j]=0;
            for(int k=0; k<2; k++)
                c.mapp[i][j]+=(a.mapp[i][k]*b.mapp[k][j])%MOD;
            c.mapp[i][j]%=MOD;
        }
    return c;
}
LL pow(LL n)
{
    base.mapp[0][0] =base.mapp[0][1]=base.mapp[1][0]=1;
    base.mapp[1][1]=0;
    ans.mapp[0][0] = ans.mapp[1][1] = 1;// ans 初始化为单位矩阵
    ans.mapp[0][1] = ans.mapp[1][0] = 0;
    while(n)
    {
        if(n&1)   ans=mult(ans,base);
        base=mult(base,base);
        n>>=1;
    }
    return ans.mapp[0][1]%MOD;
}
int main()
{
   scanf("%lld",&N);
   printf("%lld\n",pow(N+1)%MOD);
   return 0;
}
http://m.blog.csdn.net/blog/u012605629/45672529
struct Matrix22 {
    ll a11, a12, a21, a22;
    Matrix22(ll _a11 = 0, ll _a12 = 1, ll _a21 = 1, ll _a22 = 1)
        : a11(_a11 % M), a12(_a12 % M), a21(_a21 % M), a22(_a22 % M) {}
    void operator*=(const Matrix22 &r) {
        *this = Matrix22(
            a11 * r.a11 + a12 * r.a21,
            a11 * r.a12 + a12 * r.a22,
            a21 * r.a11 + a22 * r.a21,
            a21 * r.a12 + a22 * r.a22);
    }
};
 
int main() {
    // freopen("..\\input.txt", "r", stdin);
    int N; cin >> N;
    Matrix22 m, A(1, 0, 0, 1);
    for (int t = 0; t < 32; t++) {
        if (N & (1 << t)) A *= m;
        m *= m;
    }
    cout << A.a22 << endl;
}
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