Relaxation-->Bellman-Ford-->SPFA


http://blog.csdn.net/q175291788/article/details/6892090
单源最短路径算法中使用了松弛(relaxation)操作。对于每个顶点v∈V,都设置一个属性d[v],用来描述从源点s到v的最短路径上权值的上界,称为最短路径估计(shortest-path estimate)。π[v]代表S到v的当前最短路径中v点之前的一个点的编号,我们用下面的Θ(V)时间的过程来对最短路径估计和前趋进行初始化。
  1. INITIALIZE-SINGLE-SOURCE(G,s)  
  2. 1   for each vertex v∈V[G]  
  3. 2      do d[v]←∞  
  4. 3         π[v]←NIL  
  5. 4   d[s]←0  
经过初始化以后,对所有v∈V,π[v]=NIL,对v∈V-{s},有d[s]=0以及d[v]=∞。
在松弛一条边(u,v)的过程中,要测试是否可以通过u,对迄今找到的v的最短路径进行改进;如果可以改进的话,则更新d[v]和π[v]。一次松弛操作可以减小最短路径估计的值d[v],并更新v的前趋域π[v](S到v的当前最短路径中v点之前的一个点的编号)。下面的伪代码对边(u,v)进行了一步松弛操作。
  1. RELAX(u, v, w)  
  2. 1   if(d[v]>d[u]+w(u,v))  
  3. 2      then d[v]←d[u]+w(u,v)  
  4. 3           π[v]←u  
每个单源最短路径算法中都会调用INITIALIZE-SINGLE-SOURCE,然后重复对边进行松弛的过程。另外,松弛是改变最短路径和前趋的唯一方式。各个单源最短路径算法间区别在于对每条边进行松弛操作的次数,以及对边执行松弛操作的次序有所不同。在Dijkstra算法以及关于有向无回路图的最短路径算法中,对每条边执行一次松弛操作。在Bellman-Ford算法中,每条边要执行多次松弛操作。

Bellman-Ford

对有向图G(V,E),用贝尔曼-福特算法求以Vs为源点的最短路径的过程:
  • 建立dist[]Pred[],且dist[s] = 0,其余赋\inftyPred[]表示某节点路径上的父节点
  • (V_i,V_j) \in E,比较dist[Vi] + (Vi,Vj)dist[Vj],并将小的赋给dist[Vj],如果修改了dist[V_j]则pred[Vj] = Vi(松弛操作)
  • 重复以上操作V − 1
  • 再重复操作一次,如dist[Vj] > dist[Vi] + (Vi,Vj),则此图存在负权环。
SPFA(Shortest Path Faster Algorithm)
算法大致流程是用一个队列来进行维护。 初始时将源加入队列。 每次从队列中取出一个元素,并对所有与他相邻的点进行松弛,若某个相邻的点松弛成功,则将其入队。 直到队列为空时算法结束。
这个算法,简单的说就是队列优化的bellman-ford,利用了每个点不会更新次数太多的特点发明的此算法
SPFA——Shortest Path Faster Algorithm,它可以在O(kE)的时间复杂度内求出源点到其他所有点的最短路径,可以处理负边。SPFA的实现甚至比Dijkstra或者Bellman_Ford还要简单:
设Dist代表S到I点的当前最短距离,Fa代表S到I的当前最短路径中I点之前的一个点的编号。开始时Dist全部为+∞,只有Dist[S]=0,Fa全部为0。
维护一个队列,里面存放所有需要进行迭代的点。初始时队列中只有一个点S。用一个布尔数组记录每个点是否处在队列中。
每次迭代,取出队头的点v,依次枚举从v出发的边v->u,设边的长度为len,判断Dist[v]+len是否小于Dist[u],若小于则改进Dist[u],将Fa[u]记为v,并且由于S到u的最短距离变小了,有可能u可以改进其它的点,所以若u不在队列中,就将它放入队尾。这样一直迭代下去直到队列变空,也就是S到所有的最短距离都确定下来,结束算法。若一个点入队次数超过n,则有负权环。
SPFA 在形式上和宽度优先搜索非常类似,不同的是宽度优先搜索中一个点出了队列就不可能重新进入队列,但是SPFA中一个点可能在出队列之后再次被放入队列,也就是一个点改进过其它的点之后,过了一段时间可能本身被改进,于是再次用来改进其它的点,这样反复迭代下去。设一个点用来作为迭代点对其它点进行改进的平均次数为k,有办法证明对于通常的情况,k在2左右。
SPFA算法(Shortest Path Faster Algorithm),也是求解单源最短路径问题的一种算法,用来解决:给定一个加权有向图G和源点s,对于图G中的任意一点v,求从s到v的最短路径。 SPFA算法是Bellman-Ford算法的一种队列实现,减少了不必要的冗余计算,他的基本算法和Bellman-Ford一样,并且用如下的方法改进: 1、第二步,不是枚举所有节点,而是通过队列来进行优化 设立一个先进先出的队列用来保存待优化的结点,优化时每次取出队首结点u,并且用u点当前的最短路径估计值对离开u点所指向的结点v进行松弛操作,如果v点的最短路径估计值有所调整,且v点不在当前的队列中,就将v点放入队尾。这样不断从队列中取出结点来进行松弛操作,直至队列空为止。 2、同时除了通过判断队列是否为空来结束循环,还可以通过下面的方法: 判断有无负环:如果某个点进入队列的次数超过V次则存在负环(SPFA无法处理带负环的图)。
SPFA算法有两个优化算法 SLF 和 LLL 
SLF:Small Label First 策略,设要加入的节点是j,队首元素为i,若dist(j)<dist(i),则将j插入队首,否则插入队尾。 LLL:Large Label Last 策略,设队首元素为i,队列中所有dist值的平均值为x,若dist(i)>x则将i插入到队尾,查找下一元素,直到找到某一i使得dist(i)<=x,则将i出对进行松弛操作。 SLF 可使速度提高 15 ~ 20%;SLF + LLL 可提高约 50%。 在实际的应用中SPFA的算法时间效率不是很稳定,为了避免最坏情况的出现,通常使用效率更加稳定的Dijkstra算法。
  1. Procedure SPFA;  
  2.    
  3. Begin  
  4.   initialize-single-source(G,s);  
  5.   initialize-queue(Q);  
  6.   enqueue(Q,s);  
  7.   while not empty(Q) do   
  8.     begin  
  9.       u:=dequeue(Q);  
  10.       for each v∈adj[u] do   
  11.         begin  
  12.           tmp:=d[v];  
  13.           relax(u,v);  
  14.           if (tmp<>d[v]) and (not v in Q) then  
  15.             enqueue(Q,v);  
  16.         end;  
  17.     end;  
  18. End;  
SPFA(slf优化)
  1. void SPFA(void)  
  2. {  
  3.  int i;  
  4.  queue list;  
  5.  list.insert(s);  
  6.  for(i=1;i<=n;i++)  
  7.   {  
  8.    if(s==i)  
  9.     continue;  
  10.    dist[i]=map[s][i];  
  11.    way[i]=s;  
  12.    if(dist[i])  
  13.    list.insert(i);  
  14.   }  
  15.  int p;  
  16.  while(!list.empty())  
  17.  {  
  18.   p=list.fire();  
  19.   for(i=1;i<=n;i++)  
  20.    if(map[p][i]&&(dist[i]>dist[p]+map[p][i]||!dist[i])&&i!=s)  
  21.     {  
  22.      dist[i]=dist[p]+map[p][i];  
  23.      way[i]=p;  
  24.      if(!list.in(i))  
  25.       list.insert(i);  
  26.     }  
  27.  }  
  28. }  

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