买票找零 - 编程之美4.3


http://www.cnblogs.com/wuyuegb2312/p/3016878.html
问题(《编程之美》4.3买票找零):2n个人排队买票,其中n个人持50元,n个人持100元。每张票50元,且一人只买一张票。初始时售票处没有零钱找零。请问这2n个人一共有多少种排队顺序,不至于使售票处找不开钱?

分析1:队伍的序号标为0,1,...,2n-1,并把50元看作左括号,100元看作右括号,合法序列即括号能完成配对的序列。对于一个合法的序列,第0个一定是左括号,它必然与某个右括号配对,记其位置为k。那么从1到k-1、k+1到2n-1也分别是两个合法序列。那么,k必然是奇数(1到k-1一共有偶数个),设k=2i+1。那么剩余括号的合法序列数为f(2i)*f(2n-2i-2)个。取i=0到n-1累加,

并且令f(0)=1,再由组合数C(0,0)=0,可得


n+m个人排队买票,并且满足,票价为50元,其中n个人各手持一张50元钞票,m个人各手持一张100元钞票,除此之外大家身上没有任何其他的钱币,并且初始时候售票窗口没有钱,问有多少种排队的情况数能够让大家都买到票。

这个题目是Catalan数的变形,不考虑人与人的差异,如果m=n的话那么就是我们初始的Catalan数问题,也就是将手持50元的人看成是+1,手持100元的人看成是-1,任前k个数值的和都非负的序列数。

这个题目区别就在于n>m的情况,此时我们仍然可以用原先的证明方法考虑,假设我们要的情况数是,无法让每个人都买到的情况数是,那么就有,此时我们求,我们假设最早买不到票的人编号是k,他手持的是100元并且售票处没有钱,那么将前k个人的钱从50元变成100元,从100元变成50元,这时候就有n+1个人手持50元,m-1个手持100元的,所以就得到,于是我们的结果就因此得到了,表达式是

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