素数环-谈代码优化 - zdd - 博客园


素数环-谈代码优化 - zdd - 博客园
昨天在博问里面看到的一道算法题,原题如下:
给出一个N(0<N<20),在1~N的所有排列中,满足相邻两个数之和是素数的排列输出
比如当N = 4时,满足条件的素数环有如下几种
1 2 3 4
1 4 3 2
2 1 4 3
2 3 4 1
3 2 1 4
3 4 1 2
4 1 2 3
4 3 2 1
常规的做法是,找出这N个数的所有排列,然后依次检查每个排列,筛选出符合条件的排列即可。求排列可以用回溯法的排列树模型,筛选就按照题目要求即可,判断素数的算法也有很多,选择一个即可。注意不要忘记最后一个元素和第一个元素的检测。优化前的代码如下:
 2 bool IsPrime(int n)
 3 {
 4     for (int i = 2; i * i <= n; i++)
 5         if(n % i == 0)
 6             return false ;
 7     return true ;
 8 }
 9
10 // Check a permutation
11 bool Check(int a[], int n)
12 {
13     if(!IsPrime(a[0] + a[n - 1]))
14         return false ;
15
16     for(int i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) // avoid duplicate
17         if(!IsPrime(a[i] + a[i + 1]))
18             return false ;
19
20     return true ;
21 }
22
23 void Perm(int a[], int n, int t)
24 {
25     if(t == n)
26     {
27         if(Check(a, n))
28             Output(a, n) ;
29     }
30     else
31     {
32         for(int k = t; k < n; k++)
33         {
34             swap(a[k], a[t]) ;
35             Perm(a, n, t + 1) ;
36             swap(a[k], a[t]) ;
37         }
38     }
39 }
题目不难,做完以后,我发现有很多可以优化的地方,可以大幅提高速度。
1. 首先,找出所有排列并逐个检查,这是很浪费时间的,更高效的方法是,一边排列一边检查,这样可以提早发现不满足条件的候选解,提早剪枝,避免不必要的搜索,例如当N=10时,排列到1234的时候,满足条件,下一次选择5,序列变为12345,由于4 + 5 = 9,非素数,所以后面不用再排列了,也就是从当前位置开始,以5为根的子树可以不用再搜索了,直接跳到6,序列变为12346,由于4 + 6 = 10,非素数,同样舍弃6为根的子树。下一次搜索变成12347,这回满足条件,继续排列下一个元素,如此直到10个元素全部排列完成。代码如下:a是储存排列的数组,n是元素个数,t用来控制递归过程。
 1 void PrimeCircle(int a[], int n, int t)
 2 {
 3     if(t == n)
 4     {
 5         Output(a, n) ; // 找到一个解
 6     }
 7     else
 8     {
 9         for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
10         {
11             a[t] = i ;
12             if(IsOk(a)) // 检查当前值,满足条件才继续
13                 PrimeCircle(a, n, t + 1) ;
14         }
15     }
16 }
2. 再看题目的输入范围,1 < N < 20,由于输入规模比较小,所以考虑使用查表法来判定素数,查表法是典型的以空间换时间的方法。20以内两个数之和最大是18 + 19 = 37,而37以内的素数分别是2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37,我们可以定义一个38个元素的数组,以i为数组下标。当i为素数时,令a[i] = 1,否则a[i] = 0。这样,要判断一个数是否为素数时,直接判断a[i]是否为1即可。对应的数组如下:
int prime[38=  {... } ;
判断i是否为素数的代码也很简单
1 if (prime[i] == 1)  //素数
2 {3     // do something
4 }
3. 再考虑输入的特点,如果输入N是奇数的话,由于起点从1开始,那么1-N之间一共有N / 2个偶数,N / 2 + 1个奇数,也就是奇数的个数比偶数多一个,那么把这N个数排成一个环,根据鸽巢原理,必然有两个奇数是相邻的,而两个奇数之和是偶数,偶数不是素数,所以我们得出结论,如果输入N是奇数的话,没有满足条件的排列。这样当N是奇数的时候,直接返回即可。如果1-N之间每个数输入的几率相同,这个判断可以减少一半的计算量。
1 if(n & 1// 奇数无解,直接返回
2     return ;3 
4. 扩展一下第三点,可以发现,任何一个满足条件的排列都有一个共同点:相邻的两个数奇偶性必然不同,原因是:两个奇数之和或者两个偶数之和都是偶数,而偶数一定不是素数,所以在选取当前元素的时候,比较一下它和前一个元素的奇偶性。再做决定,可以减少一部分计算量。
由 于奇数 + 偶数 = 奇数, 而奇数的二进制表示中,最低位是1, 所以有下面的代码, 其中curValue是当前值, a[lastIndex]是前一个值.

4 // 小于37的所有素数
 5 int prime[38] =
 6 {
 7     0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0,
 8     1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1,
 9     0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0,
10     0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0,
11     0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,
12     0, 0, 1,
13 } ;
14
15 // 输出一个解
16 void Output(int a[], int n)
17 {
18     for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
19         cout << a[i] << " " ;
20     cout << endl ;
21 }
22
23 // 判断当前序列是否满足条件
24 bool IsOk(int a[], int lastIndex, int curValue)
25 {
26     if(lastIndex < 0) // 第一个元素没有前驱元素,返回真
27         return true ;
  // as we are checking the prime table, these optimization is meaningless
29     if(!((curValue + a[lastIndex]) & 1)) // 相邻的数奇偶性必然不同
30         return false ;
31
32     if(!prime[a[lastIndex] + curValue]) //相邻元素和为素数
33         return false ;
34
35     for(int i = 0; i <= lastIndex; i++) // 去重,curValue没有出现过
36         if(a[i] == curValue)
37             return false ;
38
39     return true ;
40 }
41
42 void PrimeCircle(int a[], int n, int t)
43 {
44     if(n & 1) // 奇数无解,直接返回
45         return ;
46
47     if(t == n)
48     {
49         if(prime[a[0] + a[n - 1]]); // 判断首尾元素
50             Output(a, n) ;
51     }
52     else
53     {
54         for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
55         {
56             a[t] = i ;
57             if(IsOk(a, t - 1, i)) //如果当前元素满足条件
58                 PrimeCircle(a, n, t + 1) ; //进行下一次递归
59         }
60     }

61 }

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