Popular Number


http://shibaili.blogspot.com/2015/06/google-interview-questions.html
4.(1)一个sorted array,如果其中有一个数重复超过array里面总数的1/4 return 
true。就是说{2,2,3,4} return true
{1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7} return false。
(2)优化第一部分用O(log2(N)) 时间复杂度
如果存在超过 1/4 的数,则次数必定会覆盖length / 4, length / 2, length *(3 / 4)这3点中的至少一点,所以只要对这3点上的数做二分搜索,就能找到其长度,然后与 1 / 4的长度对比。复杂度为 O(lgN)
int findFirst(vector<int> &nums, int elem) {
  int left = 0, right = nums.size() - 1;
   
  while (left <= right) {
    int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
    if (nums[mid] == elem) {
      if (mid - 1 >= 0 && nums[mid - 1] != nums[mid]) {
         return mid;
      }
      right = mid - 1;
    }else if (nums[mid] > elem) {
      right = mid - 1;
    }else {
      left = mid + 1;
    }
  }
   
  return 0;
}
int findLast(vector<int> &nums, int elem) {
  int left = 0, right = nums.size() - 1;
   
  while (left <= right) {
    int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;
    if (nums[mid] == elem) {
      if (mid + 1 < nums.size() && nums[mid + 1] != nums[mid]) {
       return mid;
      }
      left = mid + 1;
    }else if (nums[mid] > elem) {
      right = mid - 1;
    }else {
      left = mid + 1;
    }
  }
   
  return 0;
}
bool helper(vector<int> &nums, int index) {
  int last = findLast(nums,nums[index]);
  int first = findFirst(nums,nums[index]);
   
  if (last - first + 1 > nums.size() / 4) {
    return true;
  }
   
  return false;
}
bool longerThanAQuarter(vector<int> &nums) {
  int length = nums.size();
  return helper(nums,length / 4) || helper(nums,length / 2) || helper(nums,length - 1 -length / 4);
}


https://gist.github.com/gcrfelix/bec1a9d229dcf41248bc
popular number: 返回一个已经排序好的数组中超过四分之一的数

解法一:找到3个四分点,分别应用search for range,O(logn)
因为数组是排序的,所以如果有答案一定是在nums[n/4], nums[2n/4], nums[3n/4]中的一个,
所以用Binary Search的方法找到这三个的开始和结尾,获得长度,取最大的那个

解法二:这个是O(N)时间,O(1)空间的做法
每次扔掉四个不同的element,直到最后剩下的就是popular.
因为popular的数量超过1/4,所以无论怎么扔,popular都不会被扔完。

开一个大小为3的hashmap,记录目前为止出现频率最高的三个元素->他们的频率。
当遇到新的元素x时:
1.如果x在列表里,对应frequence+1
2.如果x不在列表里,检查列表里当前是否有frequence == 0的元素y,用x->0取代y->0。
3.如果x不在列表里,且列表里所有元素的frequence都不为0,那么列表里所有元素的frequence-1。

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