快速幂



http://baike.baidu.com/view/4533005.htm
常规求幂
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int pow1( int a, int b )
{
    int r = 1;
    while( b-- )
        r *= a;
    return r;
}

二分求幂(一般)

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int pow2( int a, int b )
{
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while( b != 0 )
    {
        if( b % 2 )
            r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b /= 2;
    }
    return r;
}

快速求幂(位操作)

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int pow3( int a, int b )
{
    int r = 1, base = a;
    while( b != 0 )
    {
        if( b & 1 )
            r *= base;
        base *= base;
        b >>= 1;
    }
    return r;
}

递归版本快速幂

int power(int a,int b){
   6:     if(b==1)return a;
   7:     int tpans=power(a,b>>1);
   8:     return tpans*tpans*((b&1)?a:1); 
   9: }

快速求幂(更高效率的位运算法)

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int pow4(int x, int n)
{
    int result;
    if (n == 0)
        return 1;
    else
    {
        while ((n & 1) == 0)
        {
            n >>= 1;
            x *= x;
        }
    }
    result = x;
    n >>= 1;
    while (n != 0)
    {   
        x *= x;
        if ((n & 1) != 0)
            result *= x;
        n >>= 1;
    }
    return result;
}
http://www.cnblogs.com/archimedes/p/3637479.html
int PowerMod(int a, int b, int c)
{
    int ans = 1;
    a = a % c;
    while(b>0) {
        if(b % 2 = = 1)
        ans = (ans * a) % c;
        b = b/2;
        a = (a * a) % c;
    }
    return ans;
}
本算法的时间复杂度为O(logb),能在几乎所有的程序设计(竞赛)过程中通过,是目前最常用的算法之一。
快速幂取模算法
在Miller Rabbin测试素数,就用到了快速幂取模的思想。这里总结下。
求a^b%c(这就是著名的RSA公钥的加密方法),当a,b很大时,直接求解这个问题不太可能 
算法1:利用公式a*b%c=((a%c)*b)%c,这样每一步都进行这种处理,这就解决了a^b可能太大存不下的问题,但这个算法的时间复杂度依然没有得到优化
  1. int modexp_simple(int a,int b,int n)       
  2. {      
  3.     int ret = 1;  
  4.     while (b--)  
  5.     {  
  6.         ret = a * ret % n;  
  7.     }  
  8.     return ret;  

算法2:另一种算法利用了二分的思想,可以达到O(logn)。
可以把b按二进制展开为:b = p(n)*2^n  +  p(n-1)*2^(n-1)  +…+   p(1)*2  +  p(0)
其中p(i) (0<=i<=n)为 0 或 1

这样 a^b =  a^ (p(n)*2^n  +  p(n-1)*2^(n-1)  +...+  p(1)*2  +  p(0))
               =  a^(p(n)*2^n)  *  a^(p(n-1)*2^(n-1))  *...*  a^(p(1)*2)  *  a^p(0)
对于p(i)=0的情况, a^(p(i) * 2^(i-1) ) =  a^0  =  1,不用处理
我们要考虑的仅仅是p(i)=1的情况
化简:a^(2^i)  = a^(2^(i-1)  * 2) = (  a^(  p(i)  *  2^(i-1)  )  )^2
(这里很重要!!具体请参阅秦九韶算法:http://baike.baidu.com/view/1431260.htm
非递归优化 
  1. int modexp(int a,int b,int n)     
  2. {     
  3.     int ret=1;     
  4.     int tmp=a;     
  5.     while(b)     
  6.     {     
  7.        //基数存在     
  8.        if(b&0x1) ret=ret*tmp%n;     
  9.        tmp=tmp*tmp%n;     
  10.        b>>=1;     
  11.     }     
  12.     return ret;     
  13. }
递归
  1. int modexp_recursion(int a,int b,int n)       
  2. {      
  3.     int t = 1;  
  4.   
  5.     if (b == 0)  
  6.         return 1;  
  7.   
  8.     if (b == 1)  
  9.          return a%n;  
  10.   
  11.     t = modexp_recursion(a, b>>1, n);  
  12.   
  13.     t = t*t % n;  
  14.   
  15.     if (b&0x1)  
  16.     {      
  17.         t = t*a % n;  
  18.     }  
  19.   
  20.     return t;  
  21.  } 

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