精确表达浮点数 - 编程之美2.6


http://hi.baidu.com/silverxinger/item/472f68e20a6581bb2f140ba4
在计算机中,使用float或者double来存储小数是不能得到精确值的。如果你希望得到精确计算结果,最好是用分数形式来表示小数。有限小数或者无限循环小数都可以转化为分数。比如:
0.9 = 9/10
0.333(3)= 1/3(括号中的数字表示是循环节)
当然一个小数可以用好几种分数形式来表示。如:
0.333(3)= 1/3 = 3/9
       给定一个有限小数或者无限循环小数,你能否以分母最小的分数形式来返回这个小数呢?如果输入为循环小数,循环节用括号标记出来。下面是一些可能的输入数据,如0.3、0.30、0.3(000)、0.3333(3333)、……

解法:
        拿到这样一个问题,我们往往会从最简单的情况入手,因为所有的小数都可以分解成一个整数和一个纯小数之和,不妨只考虑大于0,小于1的纯小数,且暂时不考虑分子和分母的约分,先设法将其表示为分数形式,然后再进行约分。题目中输入的小数,要么为有限小数X=0.a1a2…an,要么为无限循环小数X=0.a1a2…anb1b2…bm),X表示式中的字母a1a2…anb1b2…bm都是0~9的数字,括号部分(b1b2…bm)表示循环节,我们需要处理的就是以上两种情况。
        对于有限小数X=0.a1a2…an来说,这个问题比较简单,X就等于(a1a2…an)/10n
        对于无限循环小数X=0.a1a2…anb1b2…bm)来说,其复杂部分在于小数点后同时有非循环部分和循环部分,我们可以做如下的转换:
X= 0.a1a2…anb1b2…bm
10nX= a1a2…an.(b1b2…bm
10nX= a1a2…an+0.(b1b2…bm
X =(a1a2…an+0.(b1b2…bm))/10n
        对于整数部分a1a2…an,不需要做额外处理,只需要把小数部分转化为分数形式再加上这个整数即可。对于后面的无限循环部分,可以采用如下方式进行处理:
Y=0. b1b2…bm,那么
10m *Y=b1b2…bm.(b1b2…bm
10m *Y=b1b2…bm+0.(b1b2…bm
10m *Y-Y=b1b2…bm
Y= b1b2…bm/(10m-1)
Y代入前面的X的等式可得:
X=(a1a2…an+Y)/10n
=(a1a2…an+ b1b2…bm/(10m-1))/10n
=((a1a2…an)*(10m-1)+(b1b2…bm))/((10m-1)*10n
         至此,便可以得到任意一个有限小数或无限循环小数的分数表示,但是此时分母未必是最简的,接下来的任务就是让分母最小,即对分子和分母进行约分,这个相对比较简单。对于任意一个分数A/B,可以简化为(A/Gcd(AB))/(B/Gcd(AB)),其中Gcd函数为求AB的最大公约数,这就涉及本书中的算法(2.7节“最大公约数问题”),其中有很巧妙的解法,请读者阅读具体的章节,这里就不再赘述。
         综上所述,先求得小数的分数表示方式,再对其分子分母进行约分,便能够得到分母最小的分数表现形式。
例如,对于小数0.3(33),根据上述方法,可以转化为分数:
0.3(33)
=(3 *(102-1)+ 33)/((102-1)*10)
=(3*99+33)/990 
= 1 / 3
 对于小数0. 285714(285714),我们也可以算出:
0. 285714(285714)
= (285714 *(106-1)+ 285714)/ ((106-1)*106) 
= (285714*999999 +285714)/ 999999000000
= 285714 / 999999
= 2/7

Code from http://www.2cto.com/kf/201403/285003.html
typedef pair<unsigned long,="" pair<unsigned="" unsigned="" long=""> > decimal_type;
 
unsigned long gcd(unsigned long x, unsigned long y)
{
    return (!y) ? x : gcd(y, x % y);
}
 
unsigned int num_cnt(unsigned long data)
{
    unsigned int cnt = 0;
    while(data) {
        data /= 10;
        ++cnt;
    }
    return cnt;
}
 
pair<unsigned long,="" unsigned="" long=""> transform_dot(decimal_type data)
{
    unsigned long numerator = 0, denominator = 0;
    unsigned long deci = 0, noncir = 0, cir = 0;
    deci = data.first;
    noncir = data.second.first;
    cir = data.second.second;
    if(cir == 0) {
        numerator = noncir;
        denominator = pow(10, num_cnt(noncir));
    }
    else {
        numerator = noncir * (pow(10, num_cnt(cir)) - 1) + cir;
        denominator = pow(10, num_cnt(noncir) + num_cnt(cir)) - pow(10, num_cnt(noncir));
    }
    unsigned long gcd_tmp = gcd(numerator, denominator);
    numerator /= gcd_tmp;
    denominator /= gcd_tmp;
    return make_pair(numerator, denominator);
}
 
decimal_type get_frac()
{
    unsigned long i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;
    char ch = 0;
    while(cin >> ch && ch != '.') {
        i = i * 10 + ch - '0';
    }
    while(cin >> ch && ch != '(') {
        j = j * 10 + ch -'0';
    }
    if(ch == '(') {
        while(cin >> ch && ch != ')') {
            k = k * 10 + ch -'0';
        }
    }
    return make_pair(i, make_pair(j, k));
}

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