Random number generator in arbitrary probability distribution fashion | GeeksforGeeks

Random number generator in arbitrary probability distribution fashion | GeeksforGeeks
Given n numbers, each with some frequency of occurrence. Return a random number with probability proportional to its frequency of occurrence.

O(n) Space
1. Take an auxiliary array (say prefix[]) of size n.
2. Populate it with prefix sum, such that prefix[i] represents sum of numbers from 0 to i.
3. Generate a random number(say r) between 1 to Sum(including both), where Sum represents summation of input frequency array.
4. Find index of Ceil of random number generated in step #3 in the prefix array. Let the index be indexc.
5. Return the random number arr[indexc], where arr[] contains the input n numbers.

int findCeil(int arr[], int r, int l, int h)

{

    int mid;

    while (l < h)

    {

         mid = l + ((h - l) >> 1);  // Same as mid = (l+h)/2

        (r > arr[mid]) ? (l = mid + 1) : (h = mid);

    }

    return (arr[l] >= r) ? l : -1;

}

// The main function that returns a random number from arr[] according to

// distribution array defined by freq[]. n is size of arrays.

int myRand(int arr[], int freq[], int n)

{

    // Create and fill prefix array

    int prefix[n], i;

    prefix[0] = freq[0];

    for (i = 1; i < n; ++i)

        prefix[i] = prefix[i - 1] + freq[i];

    // prefix[n-1] is sum of all frequencies. Generate a random number

    // with value from 1 to this sum

    int r = (rand() % prefix[n - 1]) + 1;

    // Find index of ceiling of r in prefix arrat

    int indexc = findCeil(prefix, r, 0, n - 1);

    return arr[indexc];

}

One simple method is to take an auxiliary array (say aux[]) and duplicate the numbers according to their frequency of occurrence. Generate a random number(say r) between 0 to Sum-1(including both), where Sum represents summation of frequency array (freq[] in above example). Return the random number aux[r] (Implementation of this method is left as an exercise to the readers).

The limitation of the above method discussed above is huge memory consumption when frequency of occurrence is high. 

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