位图索引:原理(BitMap index) - zhanlijun - 博客园


位图索引:原理(BitMap index) - zhanlijun - 博客园
1)不使用索引
  不使用索引时,数据库只能一行行扫描所有记录,然后判断该记录是否满足查询条件。
2)B树索引
  对于性别,可取值的范围只有'男','女',并且男和女可能各站该表的50%的数据,这时添加B树索引还是需要取出一半的数据, 因此完全没有必要。相反,如果某个字段的取值范围很广,几乎没有重复,比如身份证号,此时使用B树索引较为合适。事实上,当取出的行数据占用表中大部分的数据时,即使添加了B树索引,数据库如oracle、mysql也不会使用B树索引,很有可能还是一行行全部扫描。

2. 位图索引出马

如果用户查询的列的基数非常的小, 即只有的几个固定值,如性别、婚姻状况、行政区等等。要为这些基数值比较小的列建索引,就需要建立位图索引。
对于性别这个列,位图索引形成两个向量,男向量为10100...,向量的每一位表示该行是否是男,如果是则位1,否为0,同理,女向量位01011。

 上面讲了,位图索引适合只有几个固定值的列,如性别、婚姻状况、行政区等等,而身份证号这种类型不适合用位图索引。
  此外,位图索引适合静态数据,而不适合索引频繁更新的列。举个例子,有这样一个字段busy,记录各个机器的繁忙与否,当机器忙碌时,busy为1,当机器不忙碌时,busy为0。
  这个时候有人会说使用位图索引,因为busy只有两个值。好,我们使用位图索引索引busy字段!假设用户A使用update更新某个机器的busy值,比如update table set table.busy=1 where rowid=100;,但还没有commit,而用户B也使用update更新另一个机器的busy值,update table set table.busy=1 where rowid=12; 这个时候用户B怎么也更新不了,需要等待用户A commit。
  原因:用户A更新了某个机器的busy值为1,会导致所有busy为1的机器的位图向量发生改变,因此数据库会将busy=1的所有行锁定,只有commit之后才解锁。
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