LeetCode 800 - Similar RGB Color


https://www.cnblogs.com/grandyang/p/9296602.html
In the following, every capital letter represents some hexadecimal digit from 0 to f.
The red-green-blue color "#AABBCC" can be written as "#ABC" in shorthand.  For example, "#15c" is shorthand for the color "#1155cc".
Now, say the similarity between two colors "#ABCDEF" and "#UVWXYZ" is -(AB - UV)^2 - (CD - WX)^2 - (EF - YZ)^2.
Given the color "#ABCDEF", return a 7 character color that is most similar to #ABCDEF, and has a shorthand (that is, it can be represented as some "#XYZ"
Example 1:
Input: color = "#09f166"
Output: "#11ee66"
Explanation:  
The similarity is -(0x09 - 0x11)^2 -(0xf1 - 0xee)^2 - (0x66 - 0x66)^2 = -64 -9 -0 = -73.
This is the highest among any shorthand color.
Note:
  • color is a string of length 7.
  • color is a valid RGB color: for i > 0color[i] is a hexadecimal digit from 0 to f
  • Any answer which has the same (highest) similarity as the best answer will be accepted.
  • All inputs and outputs should use lowercase letters, and the output is 7 characters.

这道题定义了一种表示颜色的十六进制字符串,然后说是有一种两两字符相等的颜色可以缩写。然后又给了我们一个人一的字符串,让我们找出距离其最近的可以缩写的颜色串。题意不难理解,而且还是Easy标识符,所以我们要有信心可以将其拿下。那么通过分析题目中给的例子, 我们知道可以将给定的字符串拆成三个部分,每个部分分别来进行处理,比如对于字符串"#09f166"来说,我们就分别处理"09","f1","66"即可。我们的目标是要将每部分的两个字符变为相同,并且跟原来的距离最小,那么实际上我们并不需要遍历所有的组合,因为比较有参考价值的就是十位上的数字,因为如果十位上的数字不变,或者只是增减1,而让个位上的数字变动大一些,这样距离会最小,因为个位上的数字权重最小。就拿"09"来举例,这个数字可以变成"11"或者"00",十六进制数"11"对应的十进制数是17,跟"09"相差了8,而十六进制数"00"对应的十进制数是0,跟"09"相差了9,显然我们选择"11"会好一些。所以我们的临界点是"8",如果个位上的数字大于"8",那么十位上的数就加1。
下面来看如何确定十位上的数字,比如拿"e1"来举例,其十进制数为225,其可能的选择有"ff","ee",和"dd",其十进制数分别为255,238,和221,我们目测很容易看出来是跟"dd"离得最近,但是怎么确定十位上的数字呢。我们发现"11","22","33","44"... 这些数字之间相差了一个"11",十进制数为17,所以我们只要将原十六进制数除以一个"11",就知道其能到达的位置,比如"e1"除以"11",就只能到达"d",那么十进制上就是"d",至于个位数的处理情况跟上面一段讲解相同,我们对"11"取余,然后跟临界点"8"比较,如果个位上的数字大于"8",那么十位上的数就加1。这样就可以确定正确的数字了,那么组成正确的十六进制字符串即可,参见代码如下:
    string similarRGB(string color) {
        return "#" + helper(color.substr(1, 2)) + helper(color.substr(3, 2)) + helper(color.substr(5, 2));
    }
    string helper(string str) {
        string dict = "0123456789abcdef";
        int num = stoi(str, nullptr, 16);
        int idx = num / 17 + (num % 17 > 8 ? 1 : 0);
        return string(2, dict[idx]);
    }

    string similarRGB(string color) {
        for (int i = 1; i < color.size(); i += 2) {
            int num = stoi(color.substr(i, 2), nullptr, 16);
            int idx = num / 17 + (num % 17 > 8 ? 1 : 0);
            color[i] = color[i + 1] = (idx > 9) ? (idx - 10 + 'a') : (idx + '0');
        }
        return color;
    }
我们发现R,G,B三个分量之间是相互独立的,所以可以各个单独进行计算。对于每个分量,假如对应的输入为s,那么最多有三个候选的最近颜色:string(2, s[0] - 1), string(2, s[0])以及string(2, s[0] + 1)。所以我们分别进行比较,选出距离最小的即可。
值得注意的是,当s[0] == '9'或者s[0] == 'a'的时候,我们需要进行特殊处理,否则在16进制转换的时候会出错。

大写字母组成的16进制字符串表示RGB颜色,可以简写为'#XYZ'形式的,两个颜色的相似度由给的公式计算得出。给一个颜色,求和它最相似的颜色,返回的是7个字符表示的颜色。
解法1:暴力brute force.
解法2:取余取模
解法3: 将字符串分为3个部分,对每个部分找个最相近的 ‘XX’ 格式的值即可。对于每一个 ‘XY’ 值,最近的一定在 ‘XX’, ‘(X-1)(X-1)’, ‘(X+1)(X+1)’ 之中,所以计算出这三个值取最近的即可。


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