LeetCode 1256 - Encode Number


https://www.acwing.com/file_system/file/content/whole/index/content/150815/


Given a non-negative integer num, Return its encoding string.
The encoding is done by converting the integer to a string using a secret function that you should deduce from the following table:

Example 1:
Input: num = 23
Output: "1000"
Example 2:
Input: num = 107
Output: "101100"

Constraints:
  • 0 <= num <= 10^9
http://qiujiaqi.cn/leetcode/encode-number/
  • 这题一开始我的思路是,加密后的字符串长度 len 可以用 log2(n+1) 计算,而尾值即可用 (n + 1) 对 最大的 2 的幂的数求余得出,即 (n+1)mod2len,将这个尾值转化为二进制,再往这个尾值头部插入 0,直至长度为 len
  • 例如:
    6,加密后长度为 log2(6+1),即 2,尾值为 (6+1)mod22,即为 11,长度已经足够不需补 0,得 11
    7,加密后长度为 log2(7+1),即 3,尾值为 (7+1)mod23,即为 0,往头部补 0,得 000
    8,加密后长度为 log2(8+1),即 3,尾值为 (8+1)mod23,即为 1,往头部补 0,得 001
    public String encode(int num) {
        if (num == 0) {
            return "";
        }
        int len = (int) (Math.log(num + 1) / Math.log(2));
        int r = (int) ((num + 1) % Math.pow(2, len));
        String res = "";
        String tail = Integer.toString(r, 2);
        for (int i = 0; i < len - tail.length(); i++) {
            res += "0";
        }
        res += tail;
        return res;
    }
(找规律) O(logn)
  1. 可以很容易发现,编码的字符串在每个长度 l 内都是按 0 到 2l1 的方式排列的。
  2. 首先寻找最终编码字符串的长度,寻找长度的过程中,让目标值减去当前长度能编码字符串的数量。

时间复杂度

  • 寻找长度的时间复杂度为 O(logn),构造答案的时间复杂度为 O(logn)
  • 故最终时间复杂度为 O(logn)

空间复杂度

  • 需要额外 O(logn) 的空间存储答案。
    string encode(int num) {
        int len = 0;
        while (num >= (1 << len)) {
            num -= (1 << len);
            len++;
        }

        string ans;
        for (int i = 0; i < len; i++, num >>= 1)
            if (num & 1)
                ans += '1';
            else
                ans += '0';

        reverse(ans.begin(), ans.end());
        return ans;
    }

本题需要先观察出给定的加密规律,与普通的二进制数不同,当出现进位时,所有位数的值要变为0,比如:11加1后不是100,而应该是000,同理111加一后是0000,虽然在二进制中000与0000都代表0,但在本题中因为位数不同而所代表的的意义也是不同的。
接下来再看,1位数能代表2个数字,0和1,2位数能代表4个数,00,01,10,11。以此类推可得到:n位数能代表2的n次方个数字。通过题目给出的数字,首先我们可以算出该数字加密后的位数,方法很简单,在满足num大于等于0的前提下,不断的用num减去2的n次方(n>=0, n++),直到不能再相减为止,此时的n即为加密后数字的位数,同时num剩下的值即是当前位数长度下的二进制数字。(注意高位不足的地方需要补0)
public String encode(int num) {
    int length=0; // 加密后的位数
    while(true){
        // 计算当前位数下能有多少数字
        int n=(int)Math.pow(2,length);
        // 如果num不足以表示下n个数字,退出
        if(num-n<0) break;
        num-=n; // num减去n,继续循环
        length++; // 位数加一
    }
    String res=""; // 返回结果
    for(int i=0;i<length;i++){ // 循环位数计算二进制
        res = num % 2 + ""+ res;
        num /= 2;
    }
    return res;
}

X.
 找规律的问题,规律也非常的简单。通过观察
bin(0 + 1) -> 1
bin(1 + 1) -> 10
bin(2 + 1) -> 11
bin(3 + 1) -> 100
bin(4 + 1) -> 101
不难发现结果就是num+1的二进制取出第一位即可。当然也可以通过数学来得到,首先不难发现相同位数的数成等比数列
0位 -> 1
1位 -> 2
2位 -> 4
那么通过等于数列求和公式很容易得到每位的第一个数2^n - 1(其中n表示位数),那么num显然就可以表示为bin(num + 1 - 2^n),而n就是bin(num)的最高位1所在的位置+1,那么为了方便计算可以忽略2^n,最后的结果就是bin(num + 1)去除最高位的结果。
class Solution:
    def encode(self, num: int) -> str:
        return bin(num + 1)[3:]
  • 一开始参赛写出来很开心,最后发现,原来一句话就能写出来了,桑心。
  • num + 1 的二进制去掉首位就是了。
    public String encode(int num) {
        return Integer.toString(num + 1, 2).substring(1);
    }


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