Showing posts with label SegmentFault. Show all posts
Showing posts with label SegmentFault. Show all posts

aabb 完全平方數 - KAIKAIKAI - SegmentFault


aabb 完全平方數 - KAIKAIKAI - SegmentFault
輸出所有aabb的四位完全平方數(即前兩位數字相等,後兩位數字也相等)

第一次看到這個問題是這麼想的
for ( int i = 1000 ; i < 10000 ; i++ )
{
    if( (千位數 == 百位數) && (十位數 == 個位數) && (i開根號為整數) )
        printf("%d",i);
}
但是這樣的解法迴圈就要跑9000次,並且要另外寫函數把每一位字都求出來,太過於麻煩。

method2

我們看看第二種想法,仔細想想 aabb = a * 1100 + b * 11 , a有1~9的可能性,b有0~9的可能性,用雙層迴圈去組合所有的可能,在判斷開根號是否為正整數
for ( int a = 1 ; a <= 9 ; a++ )
    for ( int b = 0 ; b <= 9 ; b++ )
    {
        n = a * 1100 + b * 11;
        m=sqrt(n);
        
        if(m為整數)
            printf("%d",n);
    }

method3

用一個變數x從一開始取平方(迴圈),當x取平方在1000~9999之間時,判斷此數的1.千位數是否等於百位數且2.千位數是否等於百位數,如果兩條件皆成立,則輸出
for(int x = 1; ; x++ )
{
    n = x * x 
    if( n < 1000 )
        conitue;
    if(n > 9999)
        break;

    if(千位數 == 百位數 && 千位數 == 百位數)
        printf("%d",n); 
}

Read full article from aabb 完全平方數 - KAIKAIKAI - SegmentFault

Graph Misc


http://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002680101

无向图的数据结构

Class Graph
private final int V;  边数
private int E; 边的数目
private Bag<Integer>[] adj; 邻接表,存储与该节点相邻的节点,一个链表数组

无向图的API

public class Graph
    Graph(int V)   创建一个含有V个节点但不含边的无向图
    Graph(In)    从输入流中读取一幅图
    int V()      返回图中有多少个节点
    int E()      边数
    addEdge(int v,int w)  添加一条边
    Iterable<Integer> adj(int v)   V节点相邻的所有顶点
    String toString       对象的字符串表示
public class Graph {
    private final int V;
    private int E;
    private Bag<Integer>[] adj;   //邻接表

    public Graph(int V){
        this.V = V;
        this.E = 0;
        adj = (Bag<Integer>[]) new Bag[V];
        for(int v = 0;v < V;v++){
            adj[v] = new Bag<Integer>();
        }
    }

    public Graph(In in){
        this(in.readInt());
        int E = in.readInt();
        for(int i = 0;i < E;i++){
            int v = in.readInt();
            int w = in.readInt();
            addEdge(v,w);
        }
    }

    public int V(){ return V;}
    public int E(){ return E;}

    public void addEdge(int v,int w){
        adj[v].add(w);
        adj[w].add(v);
        E++;
    }
    public Iterable<Integer>adj(int v){
        return adj[v];
    }

}
http://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002680168
在图中,我们很自然地会问这几个问题
  • 从一个顶点s能否到达顶点v?
  • 以s为顶点能到达的所有顶点?
解决能否到达问题的算法就是深度优先算法,使用深度优先算法获得的从s到v的路径的时间与路径的长度成正比。
//基于深度优先算法,搜索查找图中的路径
//解决单点路径问题,即,从一点开始是否存在到另一个点的路径
public class DepthFirstPaths {
    private boolean[] marked;//这个顶点调用过dfs了吗
    private int[] edgeTo;//从起点到该点路径上的最后一个顶点
    private final int s;//起点

    public DepthFirstPaths(Graph g,int s)
    {
        marked = new boolean[g.V()];
        edgeTo = new int[g.V()];
        this.s = s;
        dfs(g,s);
    }

    private void dfs(Graph G,int V){
        marked[V] = true;
        for(int w: G.adj(V)){
            if(!marked[w]){
                edgeTo[w] = V;//表示这条路径上,w之前是v
                dfs(G,w);
            }
        }
    }

    public boolean hasPathTo(int V){
        return marked[V];
    }

    public Iterable<Integer> pathTo(int V){
        if(!hasPathTo(V)) return null;
        Stack<Integer> path = new Stack<Integer>();
        for(int x = V;x != s; x = edgeTo[x])//从终点开始往上回溯
            path.push(x);
        path.push(s);
        return path;

    }
}
那还有一个重要的问题就是,“从s到v是否存在一条路径,如果有找出其中最短的那条。”最短路径问题
当然这路考虑的是每条边的都是权值为1的情况。
解决这个问题的算法就是广度优先搜索算法
下面给出其实现代码,其中的使用了一个队列用来保存需要遍历的顶点。其实很上一篇中的代码结构差不多,只不过遍历的顶点是依次从队列中取出的
public class BreadthFirstPaths {
    private boolean[] marked;
    private int[] edgeTo;
    private final int s;

    public BreadthFirstPaths(Graph G,int s)
    {
        marked = new boolean[G.V()];
        edgeTo = new int[G.V()];
        this.s = s;
        bfs(G,s);
    }
    private void bfs(Graph G,int s)
    {
        Queue<Integer> queue = new Queue<Integer>();
        marked[s] = true;
        queue.enqueue(s);
        while(!queue.isEmpty())
        {
            int v = queue.dequeue();//从队列中删除改顶点
            for(int w:G.adj(v))//对该顶点相邻的所有顶点进行遍历,标记为访问过,同时加入队列
            {
                edgeTo[w] = v;
                marked[w] = true;
                queue.enqueue(w);
            }
        }
    }
    public boolean hasPathTo(int v){
        return marked[v];
    }
    public Iterable<Integer> pathTo(int v)
    {
        Stack<Integer> path = new Stack<Integer>();
        while(edgeTo[v] != s)//同上一篇,通过该数组往上回溯
        {
            path.push(v);
            v = edgeTo[v];
        }
        path.push(s);
        return path;
    }
}
http://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002680241
连通分量是深度优先搜索算法的一个应用。
每进行了一次dfs,就会找到一条连通分量。
public class CC {
    /*
     * 计算一个图中的连通分量,从起始点开始进行dfs算法,同时用一个以顶点作为索引的数组id[]来保存该点所在的连通分量的起始点,也就是id
     * 这样,判断两个点是否处于同一个连通分量,只要判断id是否相同
     */
    private boolean[] marked;
    private int[] id;
    private int count;

    public CC(Graph G){
        marked = new boolean[G.V()];
        id = new int[G.V()];
        for(int s = 0;s < G.V();s++){
            if(!marked[s]){
                dfs(G,s);
                count++;
            }
        }
    }
    private void dfs(Graph G,int v){
        marked[v] = true;
        id[v] = count;          //该连通分量的起始节点
        for(int w:G.adj(v)){
            if(!marked[w])
                dfs(G,w);
        }
    }

    public boolean connected(int v,int w){
        return id[v] == id[w];
    }
    public int id(int v){
        return id[v];
    }
    public int count(){
        return count;
    }
}
同样还能解决双色问题,即“能够用两种不同颜色将顶点着色,使得相邻的顶点颜色不同吗?等价于这个图是一个二分图吗?
// not efficient implementation
/*
 * 使用dfs算法,来判断一个图中的顶点是否可以用两种颜色染色,使得相邻的顶点颜色不同
 * 也就是,判断该图是否是一个二分图:
 * 设G=(V,E)是一个无向图,如果顶点V可分割为两个互不相交的子集(A,B),并且图中的每条边(i,j)所关联的两个顶点i和j分别属于这两个不同的顶点集(i in A,j in B),则称图G为一个二分图。
 * 
 */
public class TwoColor {
    private boolean[] marked;
    private boolean[] color;
    private boolean isTwoColorable = true;

    public TwoColor(Graph G){
        marked = new boolean[G.V()];
        color = new boolean[G.V()];
        for(int s = 0;s < G.V();s++){
            if(!marked[s])
                dfs(G,s);
        }
    }

    private void dfs(Graph G,int v){
        marked[v] = true;
        for(int w: G.adj(v)){
            if(!marked[w]){
                color[w] =!color[v];
            }
            else if (color[w] == color[v])
                isTwoColorable = false;
        }
    }
    public boolean isTwoColorable(){
        return isTwoColorable;
    }
}

[Algo] Parse XML Tree 解析XML文件 - SegmentFault


[Algo] Parse XML Tree 解析XML文件 - SegmentFault
现在有一个Tokenizer,返回的Token都是XML标签或者内容,比如(open, html)(inner, hello)(close, html)表示<html>hello</html>,每一个括号及其内容是一个Token,请问如何表示这个XML文件。
这题首先要想清楚的是,如何表示XML,因为XML是典型的一父多子,我们用树来表示比较好。然后分析下如何用Tokenizer,Tokenizer有点像Iterator,每当我们用Tokenizer拿到一个Token时,如果这是一个Open的Token,我们需要新建一个节点,这个新节点下面也有可能有新节点。如果是一个Inner的Token,我们也需要新建一个节点,但这个节点下面不会有新的节点。如果是一个Close的Token,我们不需要新节点,而且需要保证上一个Open节点不再接纳新节点了,而对于新节点则要附在上一层的节点后面。这里,我们用栈可以保留上一层的节点信息,帮助我们建树。如果这是一个Open的Token,我们需要新建一个节点加入上一层节点后面,并加入栈中。如果是一个Inner的Token,我们也需要新建一个节点加到上一层节点后面,但不加入栈中。如果是一个Close的Token,则把上一层节点弹出栈。
public class XMLParser {
    
    public static void main(String[] args){
        XMLParser xml = new XMLParser();
        XMLNode root = xml.parse("(open,html)(open,head)(inner,welcome)(close,head)(open,body)(close,body)(close,html)");
        xml.printXMLTree(root, 0);
    }
    
    public XMLNode parse(String str){
        // 以右括号为delimiter
        StringTokenizer tknz = new StringTokenizer(str, ")");
        Stack<XMLNode> stk = new Stack<XMLNode>();
        // 将第一个open节点作为根节点压入栈中
        XMLNode root = convertTokenToTreeNode(tknz.nextToken());
        stk.push(root);
        while(!stk.isEmpty()){
            if(!tknz.hasMoreTokens()){
                break;
            }
            XMLNode curr = convertTokenToTreeNode(tknz.nextToken());
            // 得到上一层节点
            XMLNode father = stk.peek();
            // 根据当前节点的类型做不同处理
            switch(curr.type){
                // 对于Open节点,我们把它加入上一层节点的后面,并加入栈中
                case "open":
                    father.children.add(curr);
                    stk.push(curr);
                    break;
                // Close节点直接把上一层Pop出来就行了,这样就不会有新的节点加到上一层节点后面    
                case "close":
                    stk.pop();
                    break;
                // Inner节点只加到上一层节点后面    
                case "inner":
                    father.children.add(curr);
                    break;
            }
        }
        return root;
    }
    
    private XMLNode convertTokenToTreeNode(String token){
        token = token.substring(1);
        String[] parts = token.split(",");
        return new XMLNode(parts[0], parts[1]);
    }
    
    private void printXMLTree(XMLNode root, int depth){
        for(int i = 0; i < depth; i++){
            System.out.print("-");
        }
        System.out.println(root.type + ":" + root.value);
        for(XMLNode node : root.children){
            printXMLTree(node, depth + 1);
        }
    }
}

class XMLNode {
    String type;
    String value;
    List<XMLNode> children;
    
    XMLNode(String type, String value){
        this.type = type;
        this.value = value;
        this.children = new ArrayList<XMLNode>();
    }
}
Read full article from [Algo] Parse XML Tree 解析XML文件 - SegmentFault

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